Managing Director is Key Managerial Personal of utmost importance. He is face of a company and its decision-making mechanism.
The executive management of a company is responsible for the day to day management of a company. The companies Act, 2013 has used the term key management personnel to define the executive management. The key management personnel are the point of first contact between the company and its stakeholders. While the Board of Directors are responsible for providing the oversight, it is the key management personnel who are responsible for not just laying down the strategies as well as its implementation.
Key Managerial Personnel
The Companies Act, 2013 has for the first time recognized the concept of Key Managerial Personnel. As per section 2(51) “key managerial personnel”, in relation to a company, means—
(i) the Chief Executive Officer or the managing director or the
manager;
(ii) the company secretary;
(iii) the whole-time director;
(iv) the Chief Financial Officer; and
(v) such other officer as may be prescribed.
Managing Director
Section 2(54) of the Companies Act, 2013, defines ‘managing director’. It stipulates that a “managing director” means a director who, by virtue of the articles of a company or an agreement with the company or a resolution passed in its general meeting, or by its Board of Directors, is entrusted with substantial powers of management of the affairs of the company and includes a director occupying the position of managing director, by whatever name called. The explanation to section 2(54) excludes administrative acts of a routine nature when so authorised by the Board such as the power to affix the common seal of the company to any document or to draw and endorse any cheque on the account of the company in any bank or to draw and endorse any negotiable instrument or to sign any certificate of share or to direct registration of transfer of any share, from the substantial powers of management.
Whole Time Director
Section 2 (94) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines “whole-time director” as a director in the whole time employment of the company.
Manager
Section 2(53) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines “manager” as an individual who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction of the Board of Directors, has the management of the whole, or substantially the whole, of the affairs of a company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, whether under a contract of service or not.
Chief Executive Officer & Chief Financial Officer
Section 2(18)/(19) of the Companies Act, 2013 defined “Chief Executive Officer”/ “Chief Financial Officer” as an officer of a company, who has been designated as such by it;
Company Secretary
Section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines “company secretary” or “secretary” means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Company Secretaries
Act, 1980 who is appointed by a company to perform the functions of a company secretary under this Act;
Appointment of Managing Director, Whole-Time Director or Manager
Section 196 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that no company shall appoint or employ at the same time a Managing Director and a Manager. Further, a company shall not appoint or reappoint any person as its Managing Director, Whole Time Director or manager for a term exceeding five years at a time and no reappointment shall be made earlier than one year before the expiry of his term.
Section 196(4) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that subject to the provisions of section 197 and Schedule V, a managing director, whole-time director or manager shall be appointed and the terms and conditions of such appointment and remuneration payable be approved by the Board of Directors at a meeting which shall be subject to approval by a resolution at the next general meeting of the company and by the Central Government in case such appointment is at variance to the conditions specified in Schedule V. Approval of the Central Government is not necessary if the appointment is made in accordance with the conditions specified in Schedule V to the Act.
Therefore, the appointment of a managing director or whole-time director or manager and the terms and conditions of such appointment and remuneration payable thereon must be first approved by the Board of directors at a meeting and then by an ordinary resolution passed at a general meeting of the company.
A notice convening Board or general meeting for considering such appointment shall include the terms and conditions of such appointment, remuneration payable and such other matters including interest, of a director or directors in such appointments, if any. A return in the prescribed form viz. MR.1 is required to be filed with Registrar within 60 days from the date of such appointment.
Section 196(5) provides that subject to the provisions of this Act, where an appointment of a managing director, whole-time director or manager is not approved by the company at a general meeting, any act done by him before such approval shall not be deemed to be invalid.
concerned in any other capacity;
(c) the remuneration or commission drawn by him from any other
company;
(d) professional qualifications and experience of the individual
concerned;
(e) such other matters as may be prescribed.
As per Rule 6 for the purposes of item (e) of section 200, the Central
Government or the company shall have regard to the following matters
while granting approval to the appointment of managing director
under section 196:
(1) Financial and operating performance of the company during
the three preceding financial years.
(2) Relationship between remuneration and performance.
(3) The principle of proportionality of remuneration within the
company, ideally by a rating methodology which compares
the remuneration of directors to that of other executive
directors on the board and employees or executives of the
company.
(4) Whether remuneration policy for directors differs from
remuneration policy for other employees and if so, an
explanation for the difference.
(5) The securities held by the director, including options and details
of the shares pledged as at the end of the preceding financial
year.
Disqualifications
Section 196(3) of the Act makes a specific prohibitory provision
with regard to the appointment of managing director, whole time
director or manager. The section lays down that no company shall
appoint or continue the employment of any person as its managing
director, whole time director or manager who—
(a) is below the age of twenty-one years or has attained the age of
seventy years:
Provided that appointment of a person who has attained the
age of seventy years may be made by passing a special resolution
in which case the explanatory statement annexed to the notice
for such motion shall indicate the justification for appointing
such person;
(b) is an undischarged insolvent or has at anytime been adjudged
as an insolvent;
(c) has at any time suspended payment to his creditors, or makes,
or has at any time made, a composition with them; or
(d) has at any time been, convicted by a court of an offence and
sentenced for a period of more than six months.
Apart from this, Part I of Schedule V contains five conditions which
must be satisfied by a person to be eligible for appointment as managing
director, whole-time director or manager without the approval of the
Central Government. These conditions are as below:
(a) he had not been sentenced to imprisonment for any period, or
to a fine exceeding one thousand rupees, for the conviction of
an offence under any of the following Acts, namely:-
(i) the Indian Stamp Act, 1899,
(ii) the Central Excise Act, 1944,
(iii) the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951,
(iv) the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 ,
(v) the Essential Commodities Act, 1955,
(vi) the Companies Act, 2013,
(vii) the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956,
(viii) the Wealth-tax Act, 1957,
(ix) the Income-tax Act, 1961,
(x) the Customs Act, 1962,
(xi) the Competition Act, 2002,
(xii) the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999,
(xiii) the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act,
1985,
(xiv) the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992,
(xv) the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992;
(xvi) the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002;
(b) he had not been detained for any period under the Conservation
of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
Act, 1974;
Provided that where the Central Government has given its
approval to the appointment of a person convicted or detained
under sub-paragraph (a) or sub-paragraph (b), as the case may
be, no further approval of the Central Government shall be
necessary for the subsequent appointment of that person if he
had not been so convicted or detained subsequent to such
approval;
(c) he has completed the age of 21 years and has not attained the
age of 70 years:
Provided that where he has attained the age of 70 years; and
where his appointment is approved by a special resolution passed
by the company in general meeting, no further approval of the
Central Government shall be necessary for such appointment;
(d) where he is a managerial person in more than one company,
he draws remuneration from one or more companies subject
to the ceiling provided in section V of Part II;
(e) he is resident in India.
Explanation : For the purpose of above, resident in India includes
a person who has been staying in India for a continuous period
of not less than twelve months immediately preceding the date
of his appointment as a managerial person and who has come
to stay in India:
(i) for taking up employment in India, or
(ii) for carrying on a business or vocation in India.
But this condition shall not be applicable to the companies in
Special Economic Zones, as may be notified by Department of
Commerce from time to time.
However, a person, being a non-resident in India, shall enter
India only after obtaining a proper Employment Visa from the
concerned Indian mission abroad. For this purpose, such person
shall be required to furnish, alongwith the visa application form,
profile of the company, the principal employer and the terms
and conditions of such person’s appointment.
Reappointment of Managing Director
Under sections 196 and 203 of the Companies Act, 2013, appointment includes reappointment. Reappointment of a managing director of a company must be taken for consideration before the expiry of his term of office. If the reappointment of the managing director is approved and if it is not in accordance with the conditions specified in Schedule V then the approval of the Central Government must be obtained for such reappointment. Rest of the provisions for reappointment of a managing director are same as in the case of appointment of a managing director.
Appointment of Key Managerial Personnel
Section 203 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 8 mandates
the appointment of Key Managerial Personnel and makes it obligatory
for a listed company and every other public company having a paidup
share capital of rupees ten crores or more, to appoint following
whole-time key managerial personnel:
(i) managing director, or Chief Executive Officer or manager and
in their absence, a whole-time director;
(ii) company secretary; and
(iii) Chief Financial Officer:
Every whole-time key managerial personnel of a company shall
be appointed by means of a resolution of the Board containing the
terms and conditions of the appointment including the remuneration.
An individual shall not be appointed or reappointed as the
chairperson of the company, as well as the managing director or Chief
Executive Officer of the company at the same time unless the articles
of such a company provide otherwise; or the company does not carry
multiple businesses. However, such class of companies engaged in
multiple businesses and which has appointed one or more Chief
Executive Officers for each such business as may be notified by the
Central Government are exempted from the above.
A whole-time key managerial personnel shall not hold office in
more than one company except in its subsidiary company at the same
time. However, he can hold such other directorship with the permission
of the Board.
A whole-time key managerial personnel holding office in more than
one company at the same time, shall, within a period of six months
from such commencement, choose one company, in which he wishes
to continue to hold the office of key managerial personnel.
A company may appoint or employ a person as its managing
director, if he is the managing director or manager of one, and of not more than one, other company and such appointment or employment
is made or approved by a resolution passed at a meeting of the Board
with the consent of all the directors present at the meeting and of
which meeting, and of the resolution to be moved thereat, specific
notice has been given to all the directors then in India.
If the office of any whole-time key managerial personnel is vacated,
the resulting vacancy shall be filled-up by the Board at a meeting of
the Board within a period of six months from the date of such vacancy
The executive management of a company is responsible for the day to day management of a company. The companies Act, 2013 has used the term key management personnel to define the executive management. The key management personnel are the point of first contact between the company and its stakeholders. While the Board of Directors are responsible for providing the oversight, it is the key management personnel who are responsible for not just laying down the strategies as well as its implementation.
Key Managerial Personnel
The Companies Act, 2013 has for the first time recognized the concept of Key Managerial Personnel. As per section 2(51) “key managerial personnel”, in relation to a company, means—
(i) the Chief Executive Officer or the managing director or the
manager;
(ii) the company secretary;
(iii) the whole-time director;
(iv) the Chief Financial Officer; and
(v) such other officer as may be prescribed.
Managing Director
Section 2(54) of the Companies Act, 2013, defines ‘managing director’. It stipulates that a “managing director” means a director who, by virtue of the articles of a company or an agreement with the company or a resolution passed in its general meeting, or by its Board of Directors, is entrusted with substantial powers of management of the affairs of the company and includes a director occupying the position of managing director, by whatever name called. The explanation to section 2(54) excludes administrative acts of a routine nature when so authorised by the Board such as the power to affix the common seal of the company to any document or to draw and endorse any cheque on the account of the company in any bank or to draw and endorse any negotiable instrument or to sign any certificate of share or to direct registration of transfer of any share, from the substantial powers of management.
Whole Time Director
Section 2 (94) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines “whole-time director” as a director in the whole time employment of the company.
Manager
Section 2(53) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines “manager” as an individual who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction of the Board of Directors, has the management of the whole, or substantially the whole, of the affairs of a company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, whether under a contract of service or not.
Chief Executive Officer & Chief Financial Officer
Section 2(18)/(19) of the Companies Act, 2013 defined “Chief Executive Officer”/ “Chief Financial Officer” as an officer of a company, who has been designated as such by it;
Company Secretary
Section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines “company secretary” or “secretary” means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Company Secretaries
Act, 1980 who is appointed by a company to perform the functions of a company secretary under this Act;
Appointment of Managing Director, Whole-Time Director or Manager
Section 196 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that no company shall appoint or employ at the same time a Managing Director and a Manager. Further, a company shall not appoint or reappoint any person as its Managing Director, Whole Time Director or manager for a term exceeding five years at a time and no reappointment shall be made earlier than one year before the expiry of his term.
Section 196(4) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that subject to the provisions of section 197 and Schedule V, a managing director, whole-time director or manager shall be appointed and the terms and conditions of such appointment and remuneration payable be approved by the Board of Directors at a meeting which shall be subject to approval by a resolution at the next general meeting of the company and by the Central Government in case such appointment is at variance to the conditions specified in Schedule V. Approval of the Central Government is not necessary if the appointment is made in accordance with the conditions specified in Schedule V to the Act.
Therefore, the appointment of a managing director or whole-time director or manager and the terms and conditions of such appointment and remuneration payable thereon must be first approved by the Board of directors at a meeting and then by an ordinary resolution passed at a general meeting of the company.
A notice convening Board or general meeting for considering such appointment shall include the terms and conditions of such appointment, remuneration payable and such other matters including interest, of a director or directors in such appointments, if any. A return in the prescribed form viz. MR.1 is required to be filed with Registrar within 60 days from the date of such appointment.
Section 196(5) provides that subject to the provisions of this Act, where an appointment of a managing director, whole-time director or manager is not approved by the company at a general meeting, any act done by him before such approval shall not be deemed to be invalid.
Appointment with the Approval of Central Government
In case the provisions of Schedule V of the Companies Act, 2013 are not fulfilled by company, an application seeking approval to the appointment of a managing director (Whole-time director or manager) shall be made to the Central Government, in e-Form No. MR.2.
As per section 200, the Central Government or a company may, while according its approval under section 196, to any appointment of a managing director, whole-time director or manager, the Central
Government or the company shall have regard to—
(a) the financial position of the company;
(b) the remuneration or commission drawn by the individualconcerned in any other capacity;
(c) the remuneration or commission drawn by him from any other
company;
(d) professional qualifications and experience of the individual
concerned;
(e) such other matters as may be prescribed.
As per Rule 6 for the purposes of item (e) of section 200, the Central
Government or the company shall have regard to the following matters
while granting approval to the appointment of managing director
under section 196:
(1) Financial and operating performance of the company during
the three preceding financial years.
(2) Relationship between remuneration and performance.
(3) The principle of proportionality of remuneration within the
company, ideally by a rating methodology which compares
the remuneration of directors to that of other executive
directors on the board and employees or executives of the
company.
(4) Whether remuneration policy for directors differs from
remuneration policy for other employees and if so, an
explanation for the difference.
(5) The securities held by the director, including options and details
of the shares pledged as at the end of the preceding financial
year.
Disqualifications
Section 196(3) of the Act makes a specific prohibitory provision
with regard to the appointment of managing director, whole time
director or manager. The section lays down that no company shall
appoint or continue the employment of any person as its managing
director, whole time director or manager who—
(a) is below the age of twenty-one years or has attained the age of
seventy years:
Provided that appointment of a person who has attained the
age of seventy years may be made by passing a special resolution
in which case the explanatory statement annexed to the notice
for such motion shall indicate the justification for appointing
such person;
(b) is an undischarged insolvent or has at anytime been adjudged
as an insolvent;
(c) has at any time suspended payment to his creditors, or makes,
or has at any time made, a composition with them; or
(d) has at any time been, convicted by a court of an offence and
sentenced for a period of more than six months.
Apart from this, Part I of Schedule V contains five conditions which
must be satisfied by a person to be eligible for appointment as managing
director, whole-time director or manager without the approval of the
Central Government. These conditions are as below:
(a) he had not been sentenced to imprisonment for any period, or
to a fine exceeding one thousand rupees, for the conviction of
an offence under any of the following Acts, namely:-
(i) the Indian Stamp Act, 1899,
(ii) the Central Excise Act, 1944,
(iii) the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951,
(iv) the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 ,
(v) the Essential Commodities Act, 1955,
(vi) the Companies Act, 2013,
(vii) the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956,
(viii) the Wealth-tax Act, 1957,
(ix) the Income-tax Act, 1961,
(x) the Customs Act, 1962,
(xi) the Competition Act, 2002,
(xii) the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999,
(xiii) the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act,
1985,
(xiv) the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992,
(xv) the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992;
(xvi) the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002;
(b) he had not been detained for any period under the Conservation
of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
Act, 1974;
Provided that where the Central Government has given its
approval to the appointment of a person convicted or detained
under sub-paragraph (a) or sub-paragraph (b), as the case may
be, no further approval of the Central Government shall be
necessary for the subsequent appointment of that person if he
had not been so convicted or detained subsequent to such
approval;
(c) he has completed the age of 21 years and has not attained the
age of 70 years:
Provided that where he has attained the age of 70 years; and
where his appointment is approved by a special resolution passed
by the company in general meeting, no further approval of the
Central Government shall be necessary for such appointment;
(d) where he is a managerial person in more than one company,
he draws remuneration from one or more companies subject
to the ceiling provided in section V of Part II;
(e) he is resident in India.
Explanation : For the purpose of above, resident in India includes
a person who has been staying in India for a continuous period
of not less than twelve months immediately preceding the date
of his appointment as a managerial person and who has come
to stay in India:
(i) for taking up employment in India, or
(ii) for carrying on a business or vocation in India.
But this condition shall not be applicable to the companies in
Special Economic Zones, as may be notified by Department of
Commerce from time to time.
However, a person, being a non-resident in India, shall enter
India only after obtaining a proper Employment Visa from the
concerned Indian mission abroad. For this purpose, such person
shall be required to furnish, alongwith the visa application form,
profile of the company, the principal employer and the terms
and conditions of such person’s appointment.
Reappointment of Managing Director
Under sections 196 and 203 of the Companies Act, 2013, appointment includes reappointment. Reappointment of a managing director of a company must be taken for consideration before the expiry of his term of office. If the reappointment of the managing director is approved and if it is not in accordance with the conditions specified in Schedule V then the approval of the Central Government must be obtained for such reappointment. Rest of the provisions for reappointment of a managing director are same as in the case of appointment of a managing director.
Appointment of Key Managerial Personnel
Section 203 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 8 mandates
the appointment of Key Managerial Personnel and makes it obligatory
for a listed company and every other public company having a paidup
share capital of rupees ten crores or more, to appoint following
whole-time key managerial personnel:
(i) managing director, or Chief Executive Officer or manager and
in their absence, a whole-time director;
(ii) company secretary; and
(iii) Chief Financial Officer:
Every whole-time key managerial personnel of a company shall
be appointed by means of a resolution of the Board containing the
terms and conditions of the appointment including the remuneration.
An individual shall not be appointed or reappointed as the
chairperson of the company, as well as the managing director or Chief
Executive Officer of the company at the same time unless the articles
of such a company provide otherwise; or the company does not carry
multiple businesses. However, such class of companies engaged in
multiple businesses and which has appointed one or more Chief
Executive Officers for each such business as may be notified by the
Central Government are exempted from the above.
A whole-time key managerial personnel shall not hold office in
more than one company except in its subsidiary company at the same
time. However, he can hold such other directorship with the permission
of the Board.
A whole-time key managerial personnel holding office in more than
one company at the same time, shall, within a period of six months
from such commencement, choose one company, in which he wishes
to continue to hold the office of key managerial personnel.
A company may appoint or employ a person as its managing
director, if he is the managing director or manager of one, and of not more than one, other company and such appointment or employment
is made or approved by a resolution passed at a meeting of the Board
with the consent of all the directors present at the meeting and of
which meeting, and of the resolution to be moved thereat, specific
notice has been given to all the directors then in India.
If the office of any whole-time key managerial personnel is vacated,
the resulting vacancy shall be filled-up by the Board at a meeting of
the Board within a period of six months from the date of such vacancy
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